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  jiang1231997 2011-12-04 00:00:00

  【基本介紹】 　　蠟制的固體照明用品，通常做成圓柱形，中有棉紗芯，稱為燭芯，燃點紗芯以發(fā)光。普通蠟燭的外觀為圓柱形、固體、乳白色。不管何種蠟燭都是手感滑膩，難溶于水，密度比水小。 　　蠟燭常與燭臺搭配用以起到裝飾的作用，另外有些容器同樣能夠起到燭臺的作用，比如像放飄蠟的玻璃器皿，點蠟熏精油的小香爐，經(jīng)過處理的竹筒等等。目前燭臺除了為蠟燭服務(wù)以外，更多的也作為家裝擺設(shè)的一部分。 【主要分類】 　　蠟燭生產(chǎn)的種類有很多，按照使用目的一般可以分為日用照明蠟燭（普通蠟燭）和工藝品蠟燭（特殊用途蠟燭）兩大類。照明蠟燭比較簡單，一般就是白色的竿狀蠟燭。工藝蠟燭又可細(xì)分很多種，首先又可分為果凍工藝蠟燭和薰香工藝蠟燭兩類。一般因加入配料而顯各種顏色（如生日蠟燭），形狀也因需要做成各種形式（如螺旋狀、數(shù)字形等），可融新穎性、裝飾性、觀賞性、功能性于一體。 　　另外，蠟燭也可分為粗面蠟和光面蠟兩種，一般粗面蠟的表面常帶有味道，上面有一層白霜，不同的粗面蠟會帶來不同的氣味，比如在臥室就可以放一些熏衣草味的蠟燭，起到催眠、鎮(zhèn)靜的作用，在衛(wèi)生間可以放海洋氣味的蠟燭，夏天還可以放一些松味的蠟燭驅(qū)趕蚊蟲；而光面蠟沒有味道，蠟體表面很光滑，容易做出很美的造型。 　　蠟燭按照形狀一般可以分為擠壓圓柱蠟、尖竹蠟、火炬蠟、飄蠟、圓頭蠟、平頭蠟等，顏色也有很多種。這些蠟燭在使用時有些比較講究，比如尖竹蠟，適合在吃飯的時候插在燭臺上，擺在飯桌中間，特別在西餐中常用，如果家里裝修是歐式風(fēng)格，也可以擺放在客廳當(dāng)作裝飾品。飄蠟常見于酒吧，在一個容器器皿里倒上水，把飄蠟放在水面上，它就浮在水面上，暗暗的燭光下別有一番情調(diào)。飄蠟在年輕人的家中使用的比較多，特別是情侶間，燭光晚餐不僅可以用尖竹蠟，飄蠟也會帶來不錯的效果。 　　另外，同種蠟燭也分很多尺寸，比如擠壓圓柱蠟就有四個尺寸：8×25厘米，8×20厘米，7×15厘米，7×10厘米。 【歷史發(fā)展】 　　現(xiàn)在一般認(rèn)為蠟燭起源于原始時代的火把，原始人把脂肪或者蠟一類的東西涂在樹皮或木片上，捆扎在一起，做成了照明用的火把。也有傳說在先秦上古時期，有人把艾蒿和蘆葦扎成一束，然后蘸上一些油脂點燃作照明用，后來又有人把一根空心的蘆葦用布纏上，里面灌上蜜蠟點燃。 　　大約在公元前3世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)的蜜蠟可能是今日所見蠟燭的雛形，在西方，有一段時期，寺院中都養(yǎng)蜂，用來自制蜜蠟，這主要是因為天主教認(rèn)為蜜蠟是處女受胎的象征，所以便把蜜蠟視為純潔之光，供奉在教堂的祭壇上。從現(xiàn)存文獻(xiàn)看，蜜蠟在我國產(chǎn)生的時間大致與西方相同，日本是在奈良時代（公元710～784年）從我國傳入這種蠟燭的。 　　蠟燭的普及經(jīng)歷了一個很長的歷史時期，《西京雜記》中記載，漢朝時南越向高帝進(jìn)貢的貢品當(dāng)中有蠟燭，有說法認(rèn)為當(dāng)時在寒食節(jié)禁火的時候君王賞賜給侯爵以上的官員、上品官員以蠟燭，說明當(dāng)時的蠟燭極為稀少。到了南北朝時期蠟燭稍微應(yīng)用得普遍了一些，但也主要是在上層社會，而不是一般的百姓家照明用的。唐朝時也記載了在晉州上貢時的貢品當(dāng)中有蠟燭，另外唐朝的官員還專門設(shè)置一個官員來管宮廷蠟燭。宋朝記載有當(dāng)時和西夏的邊境貿(mào)易中，交易的用品就有蠟燭。蠟燭作為外貿(mào)、對外交換的一種東西，說明雖然當(dāng)時用的比較普遍，但還是比較珍貴的。到了明清以后，蠟燭才漸漸地走入了尋常百姓家，人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪惺褂玫囊脖容^多了，但是一般的燈具，像油燈、火把依然不能和蠟燭同日而語。 　　和現(xiàn)代蠟燭相比，古代蠟燭有許多不足之處。唐代詩人李商隱有“何當(dāng)共剪西窗燭”的詩句。詩人為什么要剪燭呢？當(dāng)時蠟燭燭芯是用棉線搓成的，直立在火焰的ZX，由于無法燒盡而炭化，所以必須不時地用剪刀將殘留的燭心末端剪掉。這無疑是一件麻煩的事，1820年，法國人強(qiáng)巴歇列發(fā)明了三根棉線編成的燭芯，使?fàn)T芯燃燒時自然松開，末端正好翹到火焰外側(cè)，因而可以完全燃燒。 　　但蠟燭還有待進(jìn)一步完善，它的材料一般是有許多缺點的動物油脂，解決這一難題的是米歇爾·歐仁·舍夫勒爾（MicheI Eugene Chevreul）等人。1809年6月至7月間，法國化學(xué)家米歇爾·歐仁·舍夫勒爾收到一家紡織廠的來信，請他分析、確定他們寄來的一個軟皂樣品的成份。他拿著這封信思索了很長時間，心想：要研究肥皂，看來還得從原料油脂入手。在儀器設(shè)備非常簡單、樸素的學(xué)校實驗，他研究了皂化過程中需要使用的各種油脂。經(jīng)過大量實驗，他diyi次發(fā)現(xiàn)了這樣的事實：在一切油脂中，不論其來源如何，脂肪酸的含量均占95%，其余的5%則是皂化過程中生成的甘油。通過研究他搞清了皂化過程的本質(zhì)，同時他還有一項重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)：當(dāng)時用油脂做成的蠟燭，由于里面有甘油，燃燒時火焰帶煙，氣味難聞。若改用硬脂酸做成蠟燭，燃燒時不僅火焰明亮，而且?guī)缀鯖]有黑煙， 不污染空氣。舍夫勒爾把他的發(fā)現(xiàn)告訴蓋·呂薩克（Joseph LouisGay-Lussac），并建議兩人共同研究如何具體解決這個問題。他們用強(qiáng)堿把油脂皂化，再把得到的肥皂用鹽酸分解，擔(dān)取出硬脂酸。這是一種白色物質(zhì)，手摸著有油膩感，用它制成的蠟燭質(zhì)地很軟，價錢更加便宜。1825年，舍夫勒爾和蓋·呂薩克獲得了生產(chǎn)石蠟硬脂蠟燭的ZL。石蠟硬脂蠟燭的出現(xiàn)，在人類照明史上開創(chuàng)了一個新時代。后來，有人在北美洲發(fā)現(xiàn)了大油田，于是可從石油中提煉出大量的石蠟，較理想的蠟燭因此在得到了普及、推廣。 　　在古代尚未使用電力的情況下，蠟燭的照明作用尤為重要。但在高科技迅猛發(fā)展的今天，人們在日常生活中已經(jīng)一般不再使用蠟燭了，蠟燭則更多的被賦予了感情色彩，例如情侶相約、生日晚餐、對亡靈的悼念、對未來的祈禱等等，特別是在紀(jì)念日和喜慶的日子里，人們便會點起蠟燭。另外，蠟燭也常會作為一種物理或化學(xué)實驗的用品。 [introduction ] Waxy solid lighting products， usually made of cylindrical， with cotton yarn core， known as the core yarn， light to light. Ordinary candles for the appearance of the cylindrical， solid， milky white. No matter what the candles are creamy feel， insoluble in water， a lower density than water. Candle and candlestick with often used to play the role of decoration， and some containers can also play the role of candlestick， such as on the floating wax glass， wax smoked oil incense burners， the processed bamboo and so on. The current holders except for the candle service beyond， more as a part of home furnishings. The main classification [ ] There are many types of candles in the production， in accordance with the purpose of use can be divided into general household lighting candles ( candles ) and crafts candles ( candles two categories of special purpose ). Lighting candles is relatively simple， is usually a white rod shaped candle. Technology candles can be subdivided lots， first can be divided into jelly candles and incense candles two. Generally due to the addition of ingredients and a variety of colors ( such as birthday candles )， shape and also because of the need to made into various forms ( such as spiral， digital form )， but financial novelty， decorative， ornamental， functional integration. In addition， the candle can be divided into rough wax and smooth wax two， general rough wax surface often with taste， which has a layer of frost， different rough wax will bring different odors， such as in the bedroom can put some lavender candles， play a hypnotic， sedative effect， can be placed in the bathroom scent of the sea of candles， summer can also put some pine scented candle mosquitoes; and no taste smooth wax， wax body surface is very smooth， easy to make a very beautiful shape. According to the shape of the candle can generally be divided into extrusion cylinder wax， wax， wax torch tip bamboo， floating wax， wax， wax round flat， there are many kinds of colors. These candles in use some more attention， such as bamboo needle wax， for when you eat in candlesticks， placed at the dinner table， especially in the Western common， if the home decoration is a European style， can also be placed in the living room as a decoration. Floating wax is common in bars， in a container vessel pour water， the floating wax on the surface， it will float on the water surface， secretly do not have a romantic candlelight. Floating wax in the young man's home use more， especially between lovers， candlelight dinner can not only use sharp bamboo candle， floating wax will bring good effect. In addition， the same candle can be divided into many dimensions， such as extrusion wax cylinder has four dimensions: 8 x 25 cm， 8 x 20 cm， 7 cm x 15， 7 x 10 cm. [ history ] It is now generally accepted that the candles originated in primitive torches， primitive man fat or wax type things on bark or wood， banding together， made for the lighting of the torch. Also has a legend in the ancient times， people put mugwort and reed a bundle， and then dipped in some oil light for lighting， and later to a hollow reed cloth wrapped with beeswax， which ignited. In about third Century BC the beeswax may be seen today in the west， candle shape， for a time， temple in beekeeping， used self-made wax， this is mainly because of the Catholic church that Mila is a virgin conception symbol， so he left the beeswax as pure light， enshrined in the church altar. From the existing literature， the wax in our country have roughly same time with the west， Japan in the Nara period ( AD 710 to 784 years ) from China into the candle. Candle popularity experienced a long historical period，" notes Xijing" recorded in the Han Dynasty， Nanyue to the Gao Di tribute tributes are candles， was believed at that time in the cold food festival fire ban when king sent Marquis above officials， top officials to candles， indicating that the candle is extremely scarce. In the northern and Southern Dynasties period slightly more common candle application some， but mostly in the upper class society， and not the general common people home lighting used. Tang Zhaoshi also recorded a tribute in Jinzhou 's offerings are candles， in addition the Tang Dynasty officials also specially set up a court officials to tube candle. The Song Dynasty records then and the border trade， trading goods with candle. A candle as foreign trade， foreign exchange of a thing， although was used generally， but still relatively rare. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties， the candle was gradually took home of common common people， in the daily life of people is more also， but the general lighting， like oil lamps， torches and candles still can not be mentioned in the same breath. And compared to modern candle， candle has many deficiencies in ancient. The Tang Dynasty poet Li Shangyin" he Danggong to cut the window candle" verse. The poet why scissors candle? When the candle wick is made by twisting together with cotton thread， upright in the center of the fire， due to the inability to burn and carbonization， so must constantly use scissors to cut the residual core end cut. This is definitely a troublesome， 1820， French jampa break column invented three thread plaited wick， the wick combustion natural loose end up into the flame， just outside， and can complete combustion. But candles still remains to be perfected further， its material is generally have many shortcomings in animal fats， solve this one difficult problem is Michel Oren Schaeffler ( MicheI Eugene Chevreul ) et al. 1809 June to July， the French chemist Michel Oren Schaeffler received a textile factory letter， please his analysis， identify them to send a control sample. He took the letter to think for a long time， I thought: To study soap， I still have to start from the raw material oil. The equipment is very simple， simple experimental schools， he studied the saponification process requires the use of a variety of oils and fats. After a lot of experiments， the first time he discovered the fact : in all the fat， regardless of their origin， fatty acid were accounted for 95%， the remaining 5% is generated in the process of glycerin saponification. Through the research he found out what the essence of saponification process， at the same time he is also a major discovery: when using oil candles， which are due to glycerol， burning flame with smoke， smell. If change the stearic acid made candles， burning not only bright flame， and almost no black smoke， no air pollution. Schaeffler put his discoveries to Gay-Lussac ( Joseph LouisGay-Lussac )， and recommendations of the two joint research how to solve this problem. They use the alkali saponification， again to be the soap carry out decomposition with hydrochloric acid， stearic acid. This is a white substance， touched a greasy feeling， use it made of candle texture is soft， the price cheaper. In 1825， Schaeffler and Gay-Lussac obtained production paraffin stearic candle patent. Paraffin stearic candle lighting， in human history to create a new era. Later， people in North America discovered a large oil field， so it can be refined from oil of paraffin， ideal candle therefore has been popular in the global， promotion. In ancient times has been used in the absence of electrical power， lighting of the candles is particularly important role. But in the rapid development of high-tech today， people in daily life have generally no longer used candles， candle more endowed with emotional color， for example， couples enjoying birthday dinner， on the memorial for the future， prayer and so on， especially in the anniversary and festival days， people would point candle. In addition， the candle is also often used as a physical or chemical experiment supplies.

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